学术界的宋祖德 方舟子涉嫌抄袭总调查
据知情者提供的资料,接到“昏教授”的举报后,《科学》杂志复函说:“我们认为,按照美国新闻业的标准来衡量,方舟子的文章是不可接受的。他没有给出那些研究人员的姓名,没有给出发表这项研究结果的杂志的名称,也没有引用其他科学家的评论。在美国发表文章,所有这些都是必需的。”
复函同时认为:“指控方舟子抄袭却难以成立,因为他确实提到这项工作来自普林斯顿大学的研究人员。并且,除非我所看到的译文不确,他既没有使用第一人称来暗示这项工作是他自己做的,也没有直接拷贝《科学》论文的文字。”
据此,方舟子表示:“赵纪军的指控已构成了对我的恶意诽谤,在必要的时候我将追究其法律责任。”
方对此进一步辩解说:“……我的文章没有注明参考文献,因为那是大众报纸上的通俗文章,无须注明出处。我的文章除了个别的评论,在观点上的确没有多少是我自己想出来的。作为科普文章,并不需要介绍自己的新观点(那应该去写论文),完全可以百分之百地介绍别人的工作,甚至只介绍学术界的定论,而不必在内容和观点上有任何自己的东西。只要是用自己的语言、用自己的文字、用自己的写法做的介绍,就是我的文章……”
直到现在,方仍然不承认《科学地解决道德难题》抄袭或者不当引用了他人的作品,使得这起公案至今悬而未决。
方文与Greene等人的原文对比:
方舟子:当代哲学的一个任务是解决道德伦理问题,为此哲学家们经常要辩论一些假想的难题,其中较著名的一个是"电车难题":假设有一列失控的有轨电车飞奔而来,前面有两条轨道,一条站着五个人,一条站着一个人。如果不扳道岔,电车将冲向第一条轨道压死五个人。那么是否应该扳道岔,将电车引向另一条轨道,压死上面的那一个人?大多数人会回答应该,因为牺牲一个人拯救五个人是值得的。
Greene等人:The present study was inspired by a family of ethical dilemmas familiar to contemporary moral philosophers. One such dilemma is the trolley dilem-ma:A runaway trolley is headed for five people who will be killed if it proceeds on it spresent course. The only way to save them is to hit a switch that will turn the trolley onto an alternate set of tracks where it will kill one person instead of five. Ought you to turn the trolley in order to save five people at the expense of one ?Most people say yes .
方舟子:现在,再考虑另一个难题:同样有一列失控的有轨电车飞奔而来,前方的轨道上站着五个人,处于危险之中。在电车和五个人中间,隔着一座天桥,桥上站着一位陌生的大胖子。拯救这五个人的唯一办法,是把这个大胖子推下天桥,电车将他撞死后就会停下来。那么是否应该把这个人推下桥去拯救五个人?大多数人会对这个"天桥难题"说不应该。
Greene等人:Now consider a similar problem,the footbridge dilemma. As before,a trolley threatens to kill five people. You are standing next to a largest ranger on a footbridge that spans the tracks,in between the oncoming trolley and the five people. In this scenario,the only way to save the five people is to push this stranger off the bridge,onto the tracks below. He will die if you do this,but his
body will stop the trolley from reaching the others. Ought you to save the five others by pushing this stranger to his death ?Most people say no.
方舟子:为什么同样是牺牲一个人拯救五个人,人们却会做出不同的道德判断?对诸如此类问题的争论,使得哲学家可以有用武之地了。一种经典的解释是,在"电车难题"中,牺牲掉的那个人是不幸碰巧站在另一条轨道上,并没有被直接用来拯救另五个人;而在"天桥难题"中,胖子是直接被用来拯救五个人的,因此直接利用一个人的生命来拯救他人,是不道德的。
Greene等人:Taken together,these two dilemmas create a puzzle for moral philosophers:What makes it morally acceptable to sacrifice one life to save five in the trolley dilemma but not in the footbridge dilemma ?Many answers have been proposed . For example ,one might suggest,in a Kantian vein ,that the difference between these two cases lies in the fact that in the footbridge dilemma one literally uses a fellow human being as a means to some independent end,whereas in the trolley dilemma the unfortunate person just happens to be in the way.
方舟子:那么我们再来看一个"电车难题"的变型:假设站着一个人的那条轨道的另一端是跟另一条轨道相连的,即形成一个回路,如果那上面没有这个人,电车会从这条轨道绕回来到另一条轨道压死五个人。在压死这个人后,电车会停下来,不会危及另五个人。在这种情况下,是否应该把电车引向站着一个人的轨道去压死他?虽然这一次,这个人是被直接利用了,大多数人仍然会回答应该。可见,"直接利用是不道德的"的解释遇到了麻烦。
Greene等人:This answer,however,runs into trouble with avariant of the trolley dilemma in which the track leading to the one person loops around toconnect with the track leading to the five people . Here we will suppose that without a body on the alternate track ,the trolley would ,if turned that way,make its way to the other track and kill the five people as well .In this variant,as in the footbridge
dilemma ,you would use some one 's body to stop the trolley from killing the five . Most agree ,nevertheless,that it is still appropriate to turn the trolley in this case inspite of the fact that here,too,we have a case of "using."
方舟子:有的心理学家认为,"天桥难题"之所以和"电车难题"的选择结果不同,是因为将1个人推下桥这种做法让人在感情上接受不了,觉得太残忍。也就是说,感情会影响人们的道德判断。
Greene等人:We maintain that,from a psychological point of view ,the crucial difference between the trolley dilemma and the footbridge dilemma lies in the latter 's tendency to engage people's emotions in a way that the former does not .The thought of pushing some one to his death is ,we propose ,more emotionally salient than the thought of hitting a switch that will cause a trolley to produce similar consequences ,and it is this emotional response that accounts for people'stendency to treat these cases differently .
方舟子:这个实验结果,对主流哲学家是个打击,他们向来主张道德判断是纯理性的,而现在却必须考虑其中的感情因素。
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